EVOLUTE® EXPRESS CX

This technical note discusses several different sample preparation methods that can be used to extract fentanyl and other synthetic opioids from whole blood samples.
Tags: 4-ANPP (4-aminophenyl-1-phenethylpiperidine), 4-fluoro-isobutyryl-fentanyl, Acryl fentanyl, Alfentanil, Application Notes, Butyryl fentanyl, Carfentanil, Drugs of Abuse, English, Fentanyl, Fentanyls, Forensic, Furanyl fentanyl, Isobutryl fentanyl, LC-MS/MS, Methoxyacetyl fentanyl, Norfentanyl, Opioid, Product Notes, Sufentanil, U-47700, U-51754, Valeryl fentanyl, Whole blood, o-fluorofentanyl

Oral fluid is of increasing importance as a biological matrix in drugs of abuse and related analyte testing because of the ease of sample collection, and difficulty in adulteration of samples, particularly when compared with urine.
Tags: Application Notes, Drugs of Abuse, English, Forensic, LC-MS/MS, Oral fluid , Saliva, White Papers

This application note describes a simple and robust mixed mode cation exchange solid phase extraction protocol using EVOLUTE® EXPRESS CX 96 well plates for the extraction of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine from urine. Excellent extract cleanliness allows low level quantitation (0.1 ng/mL) of the analytes using LC-MS/MS.
Tags: 96-well plate, Application Notes, Buprenorphine, Clinical, English, Forensic, Norbuprenorphine, Pain Management, Urine

This application note describes a simple and robust mixed mode cation exchange solid phase extraction protocol using EVOLUTE® EXPRESS CX 96 well plates for the extraction of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine from oral fluid. Excellent extract cleanliness allows quantitation of the analytes across the range 0.1 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL using LC-MS/MS.
Tags: 96-well plate, Application Notes, Buprenorphine, Clinical, English, Forensic, LC-MS/MS, Norbuprenorphine, Oral fluid , Pain Management, Saliva

Malachite green (MG) and crystal (gentian) violet (CV) are triphenylmethane dyes used in aquaculture as fungicides and ectoparasiticides. They are rapidly metabolised to the leucomalachite green (LMG) and leucocrystal (gentian) violet (LCV) metabolites that persist in fish tissue. MG and CV are banned in many countries due to their mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, but may still be used illegally. Monitoring methodologies must be able to detect the compounds at 1 ng/g (US) or 2 ng/g (EU). In order to meet these LODs for complex matrices such as oily fish, and the low UV absorbance of the leuco forms, LC-MS-MS is the analytical method of choice. This application note focuses on ease of use when compared to other methods, and describes a QuEChERS based approach incorporating the use of aluminium oxide in enhanced dispersive SPE to reduce the levels of fat in the final extract. Additional cleanup is provided by polymeric EVOLUTE SPE columns, and the resulting extract demonstrated low ion suppression. Analyte recoveries of 60-105%, with low rsds, are achieved. The method is also applicable to Brilliant green. Malachite green, Leuco malachite green, Crystal violet, Leuco crystal violet, Brilliant Green, EVOLUTE, EVOLUTE CX, QuEChERS, LC/MS/MS, Salmon, Contamination, Gentian violet, SPE, Solid Phase Extraction, Polymer, Resin,
Tags: Application Notes, Brilliant Green, Column, Crystal Violet, Fish, Food, Food, Gentian Violet, LC-MS/MS, Leuco Crystal Violet, Leuco Malachite Green, Malachite Green, Salmon, Triphenylmethane Dyes, Veterinary drugs

The use of schedule I drugs for patient pain management therapy warrants constant monitoring of therapeutic levels in the patient. Screening patient urine samples for the free drugs is complicated by the metabolism process which converts the free drug to the -glucuronide form. Patient urine samples can be enzymatically hydrolyzed to cleave glucuronide moiety and produce the free form of drug. The target analytes can them be extracted from the urine matrix using EVOLUTE CX solid phase extraction cartridges. LOQs range from 5 ng/mL to 0.5 ng/mL with recoveries above 80% and RSD <10% Pain Management, EVOLUTE, CX, SPE, Solid Phase Extraction, Polymer, LC-MS-MS, Cocaine, Diazepam, Heroin, Morphine, Oxycodone, Fentanyl, Diazepam, Mixed Mode, RapidTrace
Tags: Alprazolam, Application Notes, Buprenorphine, Butylone, Clinical, Clonazepam, Codeine, Column, Fentanyl, Flunitrazepam, Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, LC-MS/MS, Meperidine, Methadone, Morphine, Naloxone, Naltrexone, Oxycodone, Oxymorphone, RapidTrace, Temazepam, Urine

This method demonstrates the extraction of Mephedrone (MCAT) from a range of biological fluids including plasma, urine and whole blood. This extraction is achieved through cation exchange using EVOLUTE CX, a mixed-mode resin-based SPE sorbent. Analytes were quantified using LC-MS/MS and recoveries were all above 90%. SPE, ION EXCHANGE, EVOLUTE, CX, STRATA X, OASIS, DOA
Tags: Application Notes, Biological fluids, Forensic, LC-MS/MS, Mephedrone, Plasma, Urine, Whole blood

This application note describes the extraction of melamine from biological fluids using EVOLUTE CX. Sustained melamine exposure can result in kidney stones and renal failure, with the young being most susceptible. food scare, Melamine, China, kidney failure, renal failure, protein, Biotage, EVOLUTE,
Tags: Application Notes, Biological fluids, Column, Food, Food contaminant, LC-MS/MS, Melamine

This application note describes the extraction of melamine from biological fluids using EVOLUTE CX. Melamine's low cost and high nitrogen content has led to exploitation in various sections of the food industry, most notably involving dairy products. Biotage, cation exchange, oasis, food scare, china,
Tags: Application Notes, Column, Food, Food contaminant, LC-MS/MS, Melamine, Milk

This procedure is recommended for the extraction of cocaine and its principle metabolites (norcocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, anhydroecgonine methyl ester and cocaethylene) from whole blood, plasma and urine using polymeric mixed-mode cation exchange SPE columns.
Tags: Anhydroecgonine methyl ester, Application Notes, Benzoylecgonine, Biological fluids, Butylone, Cocaines, Column, Ecgonine methyl ester, Forensic, LC-MS/MS, Norcocaine

This Application Note describes the extraction of a variety of basic drugs from plasma using EVOLUTE® CX mixed-mode resin-based SPE. The analyte suite includes basic drugs with wide ranging pKa and logP values. Basic Drugs, Biotage, Ion Exchange, EVOLUTE, Pharmaceuticals
Tags: Amitriptyline, Application Notes, Atenolol, Basic, Clinical, Fluoxetine, LC-MS/MS, Metoprolol, Mianserin, Naltrexone, Plasma, Procainamide, Quinidine, Ranitidine, Salbutamol

In this catalog product information is displayed with easy-to-follow application details and supporting documentation. Ordering information is found following each product listing.
Tags: Catalogs

RIKEN is Japan’s largest research organization with 3,400 researchers from more than 50 countries. The chemists in RIKEN’s Sugiyama Laboratory use EVOLUTE® EXPRESS solid-phase extraction plates from Biotage in the analysis of clinical trial samples for pharmacokinetic studies.
Tags: Customer Cases

EVOLUTE® EXPRESS Solid Phase Extraction products from Biotage are designed for all your sample preparation challenges. Whether you are working in the field of bio-analysis during drug development, clinical or forensic toxicology, or with the diversity of samples in food safety and environmental applications, the tools and methods used for sample preparation have a clear impact on productivity. This user guide contains information about choosing the correct EVOLUTE EXPRESS product for your application and optimizing your methodology for best results.
Tags: 96-well plate, Clinical, Column, English, Environmental, Food, Forensic, Manuals & User Guides, On-line SPE, Pharma

QuickStart Guide to SPE
Tags: English, Manuals & User Guides

Tags: Manuals & User Guides

Laboratory chemical Not for therapeutic or diagnostic use
Tags: English, Material Safety Data Sheets

Laboratory chemical Not for therapeutic or diagnostic use
Tags: English, Material Safety Data Sheets

Tags: Material Safety Data Sheets

Breast feeding is beneficial in meeting the nutritional and immunological needs of infants. Using illegal drugs while breast feeding can have severe consequences for both infant and mother. We have developed a new extraction protocol for 12 common drugs of abuse (DOA) to be detected in breast milk, utilizing EVOLUTE EXPRESS CX and Biotage(R) Extrahera for sample processing. ASMS 2019
Tags: 96-well plate, Breast milk, Clinical, Drugs of Abuse, English, Extrahera, Forensic, LC-MS/MS, Posters

This poster shows an extraction protocol for 12 common drugs of abuse (DOA) to be detected in breast milk using mixed-mode polymeric cation exchange solid phase extraction (SPE). Using the combination of reliable automation (on Biotage Extrahera) and SPE sample preparation techniques, a method was developed demonstrating the precision, accuracy, linearity, and sensitivity necessary for a robust quantitative workflow. MSACL NA 2019
Tags: 96-well plate, Amphetamine, Amphetamines, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Benzoylecgonine, Breast milk, Caffeine, Clinical, Cocaines, Cotinine, Drugs of Abuse, English, Forensic, LC-MS/MS, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Morphine, Opiates, Opioid, Oxazepam, Oxycodone, Phencyclidine (PCP), Posters, Secobarbital, THC metabolites, THC-COOH

This poster explores the use of very low sample and elution volumes with 10 mg format EVOLUTE EXPRESS CX products for urine panel analysis. An extraction protocol using a 10 mg mixed-mode cation exchange sorbent (EVOLUTE® EXPRESS CX) was developed and various sample sizes were assessed to determine the optimal sample volume for a 98-compound DOA panel. A method involving microelution off of the sorbent requiring no evaporation or reconstitution steps were also developed. MSACL NA 2019
Tags: 96-well plate, Anticonvulsant, Antipsychotics, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Cannabinoid, Clinical, English, Forensic, Hallucinogen, Hydrolysed urine, LC-MS/MS, Opioid, Posters, Stimulants, Urine

In this poster we describe the relationship between 85 DOA and their subsequent response to the recovery and matrix effects of Immunalysis’ Quantisal buffer as used with water as a surrogate oral fluid, synthetic oral fluid from UTAK, and the Quantisal device. Moreover, we examine the impact upon recovery and matrix effects upon modulating solvent polarity of the organic wash to improve analyte detection and SPE method ruggedness upon a large and diverse panel of analytes.
Tags: 96-well plate, Clinical, Drugs of Abuse, English, Forensic, LC-MS/MS, Oral fluid , Posters

This poster discusses the effect of various sample preparation protocols of the recovery of a range of different Drugs of abuse classes, extracted from oral fluid collected using the Quantisal collection device. MSACL NA 2018, Palm Springs CA ASMS 2018, San Diego, CA
Tags: Anaesthetic, Anticonvulsant, Benzodiazepines, Cannabinoid, Carbamates, Clinical, Column, English, Forensic, LC-MS/MS, Opioid, Oral fluid , Posters, Saliva, Stimulants, Tricyclic Antidepressant, z-drugs

This poster presents a method for detection of approximately 100 drugs and metabolites in urine using mixed-mode polymeric cation exchange solid phase extraction (SPE). Four different glucuronidase enzymes and several incubation times and temperatures were evaluated to determine optimum hydrolysis conditions for seven commonly detected glucuronide metabolites. Samples were subjected to offline hydrolysis and SPE (EVOLUTE® EXPRESS CX, Biotage, Charlotte, NC) and results compared to an SPE plate that incorporates in-well hydrolysis (EVOLUTE HYDRO CX, Biotage). MSACL 2018, Palm Springs, CA
Tags: 96-well plate, Clinical, Drugs of Abuse, English, Forensic, Hydrolysed urine, LC-MS/MS, Pain Management, Posters, Urine

This poster evaluates 3 different sample preparation approaches (ISOLUTE SLE+, EVOLUTE EXPRESS ABN, EVOLUTE EXPRESS CX) for extraction of large multi-drug urine panels. Each approach is assessed in terms of suitability for extraction of analytes with different different properties (pka, LogP etc). ASMS 2017
Tags: 11-nor- Δ9-carboxy tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), 6-acetylmorphine (MAM), 7-Aminoclonazepam, 96-well plate, Alprazolam, Amitriptyline, Amphetamine, Amphetamines, Analgesics, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Benzoylecgonine, Buprenorphine, Butalbital, Cannabinoid, Carbamate hypnotic, Carbamate muscle relaxant, Carisoprodol, Chlordiazepoxide, Clinical, Clonazepam, Cocaine, Cocaines, Codeine, Diazepam, Dihydrocodeine (DHC), Drugs of Abuse, EDDP, English, Fentanyl, Forensic, Gabapentin, Hydrocodone, Hydrolysed urine, Hydromorphone, Ketamine, LC-MS/MS, Lorazepam, MDMA, Meperidine, Meprobamate, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Morphine, N-des-tapentadol, Naloxone, Norbuprenorphine, Nordiazepam, Norfentanyl, Norhydrocodone, Norketamine, Normeperidine, Nortryptiline, Opiates, Opioid, Oxazepam, Oxycodone, Oxymorphone, Pain Management, Phencyclidine, Phenobarbital, Posters, Pregabalin, Ritalinic acid, Secobarbital, Tapentadol, Temazepam, Tramadol, Urine, Zolpidem, Zolpidem-phenyl-4-COOH, z-drugs, α-OH alprazolam

This poster investigates the selectivity of polymer-based solid phase extraction sorbents and rapid extraction of clinical matrices, matrix interference reduction and improved analyte detection. ASMS 2017
Tags: 96-well plate, Clinical, English, Oxytocin, Peptides, Pharma, Posters, Serum, Vasopressin

This poster demonstrates that a large urine panel, comprised of 43 DOAs, from multiple drug classes, can be simultaneously screened by mixed-mode cation exchange SPE (using EVOLUTE EXPRESS CX 96 well plates) despite their disparate intermolecular traits, by thoughtfully selecting appropriate organic wash and elution conditions that simultaneously enable sample isolation and detection along with minimizing sample matrix effects. The extraction method is automated using the Biotage® Extrahera™ Automated sample Preparation Platform. MSACL 2017, Palm Springs SOFT 2017, Boca Raton
Tags: 96-well plate, Benzodiazepines, Carbamates, Carisoprodol, Clinical, Drugs of Abuse, English, Extrahera, Forensic, Gabapentin, Hydrolysed urine, LC-MS/MS, Meprobamate, Opiates, Pain Management, Posters, Pregabalin, Stimulants, Urine

Most drugs are excreted in urine as glucuronide conjugates. Hydrolysis using a beta-glucuronidase enzyme to convert the metabolites to their “free” form for analysis increases sensitivity. Red abalone (Kura Biotech), abalone (Campbell Scientific), and recombinant (IMCSzyme) beta-glucuronidase enzymes were evaluated to determine which provided the most complete hydrolysis of glucuronide metabolites without effecting the overall recovery of non-conjugated compounds. EVOLUTE EXPRESS CX 96-well plates were used to extract hydrolysed urine samples, and the impact of th enzymes was compared. MSACL 2017, Palm Springs SOFT 2017, Boca Raton
Tags: 6-acetylmorphine (MAM), 7-Aminoclonazepam, 96-well plate, Alprazolam, Amitriptyline, Amphetamine, Amphetamines, Analgesics, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Benzoylecgonine, Butalbarbital, Carbamates, Carisoprodol, Chlordiazepoxide, Clinical, Clonazepam, Cocaine, Cocaines, Codeine, Diazepam, Dihydrocodeine (DHC), Drugs of Abuse, EDDP, English, Fentanyl, Forensic, Gabapentin, Hydrocodone, Hydrolysed urine, Hydromorphone, Ketamine, LC-MS/MS, Lorazepam, MDMA, Meperidine, Meprobamate, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Morphine, N-des-tapentadol, Naloxone, Norbuprenorphine, Nordiazepam, Norfentanyl, Norhydrocodone, Norketamine, Normeperidine, Nortryptiline, Opiates, Over the counter pharmaceuticals, Oxazepam, Oxycodone, Oxymorphone, Pain Management, Pharmaceuticals, Phencyclidine (PCP), Phenobarbital, Posters, Pregabalin, Ritalinic acid, Secobarbital, Stimulants, THC metabolites, THC-COOH, Tapentadol, Zolpidem, Zolpidem-phenyl-4-COOH, z-drugs, α-OH alprazolam

This poster includes a simple Load-Wash-Elute solid phase extraction method using EVOLUTE EXPRESS WCX, for extraction of aminoglycoside antibiotics from a range of meat, milk and egg samples. The sample preparation method is automated using Biotage Extrahera, with fast, sensitive analysis utilizing HILIC-MS/MS with MRM Spectrum Mode for ID confirmation (Shimadzu LCMS-8060). ASMS 2017
Tags: 96-well plate, Amikacin, Aminoglycoside antibiotics, Apramycin, Dihydrostreptomycin, Eggs, English, Extrahera, Food, Gentamicin, Gentamicin C1, Gentamicin C1a, Gentamicin C2, Hygromycin B, Kanamycin, LC-MS/MS, Meat, Milk, Neomycin, Netilmicin, Paromomycin, Posters, Sisomycin, Spectinomycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin, Veterinary drugs

Buprenorphine and Norbuprenorphine are typically problematic for analysis due to analyte stability issues during sample preparation. This poster will demonstrate two fast and robust methods for the extraction of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in urine (using EVOLUTE EXPRESS CX), oral fluid (using EVOLUTE EXPRESS CX) and whole blood (using ISOLUTE SLE+). MSACL 2016
Tags: 96-well plate, Buprenorphine, Clinical, Column, English, Forensic, LC-MS/MS, Norbuprenorphine, Oral fluid , Pain Management, Posters, Saliva, Synthetic urine, Urine, Whole blood

This poster demonstrates two fast and robust methods for the extraction of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine from urine, oral fluid and whole blood. SOFT 2015
Tags: 96-well plate, Buprenorphine, Clinical, Column, English, Forensic, LC-MS/MS, Norbuprenorphine, Oral fluid , Pharmaceuticals, Posters, Saliva, Urine, Whole blood

This poster compares the use of anion and cation exchange SPE approaches for the extraction of these important clinical biomarkers. MSACL Europe 2014
Tags: 96-well plate, Clinical, English, LC-MS/MS, Plasma, Posters, Reverse Tri-iodothyronine (rT3), Thyroid Hormone, Thyroxine (T4), Tri-iodothyronine (T3), rT3

This poster evaluates the performance of various polymer-based ion exchange SPE chemistries for the extraction of thyroid hormones prior to LC-MS/MS analysis.
Tags: 96-well plate, Clinical, English, LC-MS/MS, Posters, Reverse Tri-iodothyronine (rT3), Serum, T3, T4, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroxine (T4), Tri-iodothyronine (T3), rT3

This poster focuses on the different strategies that can be employed when using EVOLUTE SPE sorbents (with both single and dual retention mechanisms) to reduce or eliminate residual phospholipids in sample extracts. HPLC 2014
Tags: 96-well plate, Clinical, English, Forensic, LC-MS/MS, Pharma, Posters

This poster uses gel electrophoresis data to visually illustrate the amount of residual protein in extracts prepared using protein precipitation, supported liquid extraction and various silica and polymer based SPE approaches. HPLC2014
Tags: Biological fluids, English, HPLC, LC-MS/MS, Plasma, Posters

This poster describes the use of EVOLUTE® ABN and EVOLUTE® EXPRESS ABN for the fast and efficient extraction of a diverse mixture of peptides spiked into biological matrices. Pittcon 2014
Tags: 96-well plate, ACTH (1-24), Angiotensin Fragment 1-7, Angiotensin II,, Clinical, Elafin, Endorphin, English, Glycoprotein myelin, Helicobacter pylori (2-20), LC-MS/MS, Peptides, Pharma, Plasma, Posters, Serum, Vasoactive Intestinal Fragment 1-12

This poster describes the extraction of a range of drugs of abuse from brain tissue.
Tags: Amphetamine, Benzoylecgonine, Brain, Cocaine, Codeine, Column, Diazepam, Doxepin, Drugs of Abuse, English, Forensic, GC-MS, Ibuprofen, Methadone, Metoprolol, Morphine, Phenobarbitone, Posters

This poster compares two different procedures for quantification of drugs of abuse from postmortem brain tissue.
Tags: 7-Aminoflunitrazepam, Amphetamine, Benzoylecgonine, Brain, Cocaine, Codeine, Column, Diazepam, Drugs of Abuse, English, Forensic, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, Methadone, Morphine, Posters

This poster outlines a new method for the extraction of a mixture of peptides from plasma using resin based SPE. Initial method optimization was performed using EVOLUTE ABN before comparison to the streamlined approach without plate conditioning and equilibration using EVOLUTE EXPRESS ABN. Presented at EBF 2012. EBF, EBF 2012, Peptide, ABN, SPE, Polymer, Polymeric,
Tags: ACTH (1-24), Alpha-Endorphin, Angiotensin Fragment 1-7, Angiotensin II,, Elafin, Helicobacter pylori (2-20), LC-MS/MS, Myelin Glycoprotein fragment (35-55) rat, Peptides, Pharma, Plasma, Posters, Vasoactive Intestinal Fragment 1-12

Matrix components, particularly salts, proteins and phospholipids, can lead to ion suppression resulting in inaccurate quantitation and reduced detection limits. Resin-based mixed-mode cation exchange SPE sorbents are widely used for the extraction of basic compounds from biological fluids. The dual retention mechanism allows a two stage interference wash protocol, which results in extremely clean extracts. This poster will investigate the performance of EVOLUTE™ CX for the extraction of a wide range of basic drugs from plasma, showing high analyte recovery and advanced extract cleanliness. The analyte suite was selected to cover a variety of basic analytes with wide ranging polarities (LogP values). Extract cleanliness experiments were performed showing overall ion suppression, then individual matrix components examined in terms of protein and phospholipid removal.
Tags: Plasma, Posters

Matrix components, particularly salts, proteins and phospholipids, can lead to ion suppression resulting in inaccurate quantitation and reduced detection limits. Resin-based mixed-mode cation exchange SPE sorbents are widely used for the extraction of basic compounds from biological fluids. The dual retention mechanism allows a two stage interference wash protocol, which results in extremely clean extracts. This poster will investigate the performance of EVOLUTE™ CX for the extraction of a wide range of basic drugs from plasma, showing high analyte recovery and advanced extract cleanliness. The analyte suite was selected to cover a variety of basic analytes with wide ranging polarities (LogP values). Extract cleanliness experiments were performed showing overall ion suppression, then individual matrix components examined in terms of protein and phospholipid removal.
Tags: Basic drugs, Biological fluids, Posters

Sample preparation is an essential technique prior to LC-MS/MS analysis of drugs in biological fluid samples to remove unwanted matrix components. These matrix components, particularly salts, proteins and phospholipids, can lead to ion suppression resulting in inaccurate quantitation and reduced detection limits. Resin-based mixed-mode cation exchange SPE sorbents are widely used for the extraction of basic compounds from biological fluids. The dual retention mechanism allows a two stage interference wash protocol, which results in extremely clean extracts. This poster investigates the performance of EVOLUTE™ CX for overall ion suppression, then individual matrix components examined in terms of protein and phospholipid removal.
Tags: Posters

Tags: Posters

This technical note discusses several different sample preparation methods that can be used to extract fentanyl and other synthetic opioids from whole blood samples.
Tags: 4-ANPP (4-aminophenyl-1-phenethylpiperidine), 4-fluoro-isobutyryl-fentanyl, Acryl fentanyl, Alfentanil, Application Notes, Butyryl fentanyl, Carfentanil, Drugs of Abuse, English, Fentanyl, Fentanyls, Forensic, Furanyl fentanyl, Isobutryl fentanyl, LC-MS/MS, Methoxyacetyl fentanyl, Norfentanyl, Opioid, Product Notes, Sufentanil, U-47700, U-51754, Valeryl fentanyl, Whole blood, o-fluorofentanyl

Tags: Column, English, Product Notes

Oral fluid is of increasing importance as a biological matrix in drugs of abuse and related analyte testing because of the ease of sample collection, and difficulty in adulteration of samples, particularly when compared with urine.
Tags: Application Notes, Drugs of Abuse, English, Forensic, LC-MS/MS, Oral fluid , Saliva, White Papers